MiR-423-5p is a metabolic and growth tuner in hepatocellular carcinoma via MALAT-1 and mitochondrial interaction

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression and play a crucial role in cancer progression. Recent studies have highlighted miR-423-5p as a potential modulator in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially in patients responding to sorafenib treatment. A functional interaction with the oncogenic lncRNA MALAT-1 has been hypothesized, suggesting a regulatory mechanism that may influence tumor aggressiveness.

To investigate this interaction, we analyzed in silico patient datasets to correlate miR-423-5p and MALAT-1 expression with overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS). Stable overexpression of miR-423-5p and MALAT-1 was achieved in HCC cell lines (HepG2, Hep3B, and SNU387) using a lentiviral transduction system. Functional assays were performed to assess proliferation, migration, invasion, and clonogenic potential. The interaction between miR-423-5p and MALAT-1 was confirmed by RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), followed by transcriptomic analysis using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Mitochondrial activity was evaluated using the Seahorse Mito Stress Test to measure oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and ATP production. In vivo experiments in orthotopic mouse models were performed to assess tumor growth.

Patient data analysis revealed that high miR-423-5p expression correlated with a less aggressive tumor phenotype and improved survival, while MALAT-1 was associated with poorer prognosis. In vitro, miR-423-5p overexpression reduced MALAT-1 levels and significantly impaired proliferation, migration, and invasion. NGS analysis identified transcriptomic changes linked to tumor progression and metabolic shift. The Seahorse Mito Stress Test demonstrated decreased cellular respiration and ATP production upon miR-423-5p overexpression. In vivo, both tumors derived from miR-423-5p-overexpressing cells and MALAT-1 downregulation by ASO GapmeR evidenced a significantly reduced growth compared to controls.

These findings suggest, for the first time, that miR-423-5p acts as a tumor suppressor affecting mitochondrial metabolism through MALAT-1 downregulation in HCC. This regulatory axis represents a potential therapeutic target for precision medicine approaches in liver cancer.