Study on the association between dietary patterns and cardiovascular metabolic comorbidities among adults

The prevalence of cardiovascular metabolic comorbidities (CMM) among adults is relatively high, imposing a heavy burden on individuals, families, and society. Dietary patterns play a significant role in the occurrence and development of CMM. This study aimed to identify the combined types of CMM in adult populations and explore the association between dietary patterns and CMM.

Participants in this study were from the sixth wave of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) in 2009. Dietary intake was assessed using a three-day unconsecutive 24-hour dietary recall method among 4,963 participants. Latent profile analysis was used to determine dietary pattern types. Two-step cluster analysis was performed to identify the combined types of CMM based on the participants' conditions of hyperuricemia, dyslipidemia, diabetes, renal dysfunction, hypertension, and stroke. Logistic regression analysis with robust standard errors was used to determine the impact of dietary patterns on CMM.

Participants were clustered into three dietary patterns (Pattern a, b and c) and five CMM types (Class I to V). Class I combined six diseases, with a low proportion of diabetes. Class II also combined six diseases but with a high proportion of diabetes. Class III combined four diseases, with a high proportion of hypertension. Class IV combined three diseases, with the highest proportions of hyperuricemia, diabetes, and renal dysfunction. Class V combined two diseases, with high proportions of dyslipidemia and renal dysfunction. Patients with Class III CMM had a significantly higher average age than the other four classes (P < 0.05). Compared to those with isolated dyslipidemia, individuals with a low-grain, high-fruit, milk, and egg (LCHFM) dietary pattern had a higher risk of developing dyslipidemia combined with renal dysfunction (Class V CMM) with an odds ratio of 2.001 (95% CI: 1.011-3.960, P < 0.05).

Individuals with isolated dyslipidemia should avoid a low-grain, high-fruit, milk, and egg (LCHFM) dietary pattern to reduce their dyslipidemia combined with renal dysfunction.