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Supramedullary Neurons in Teleost Fishes: Distribution and Putative Functions.

Christopher Tyler1, Lahari Koganti1,2, Jun Liu1,2

  • 1Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts, USA.

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|October 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers identified novel distributions of supramedullary neurons (SMNs) in fish, expanding knowledge of these large nerve cells. This study details SMN presence, number, and size across various fish species.

Keywords:
mucous secretionneurosecretionsupramedullary neuronsteleost fishesunipolar neurons

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Ichthyology
  • Comparative Anatomy

Background:

  • Supramedullary neurons (SMNs) are large, unipolar cells historically documented in teleost fishes.
  • Their typical locations are the dorsal medulla oblongata and spinal cord, often in a median row or cluster.
  • Previous research has characterized SMNs in select fish species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document the presence and distribution of SMNs in new fish species.
  • To provide the first description of SMNs extending along most of the spinal cord in oyster toadfish and sea raven.
  • To analyze variations in SMN number and soma diameter across different species.

Main Methods:

  • Histological examination of brain and spinal cord tissues from various teleost fish species.
  • Microscopic analysis to identify and quantify supramedullary neurons.
  • Measurement of soma diameter for identified SMNs.

Main Results:

  • Novel distributions of SMNs were identified in oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau) and sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus), extending along most of the spinal cord.
  • SMN counts varied significantly, from 27 in Atlantic butterfish to 3712 in oyster toadfish.
  • Soma diameter ranged from 23 µm in Atlantic butterfish to 232 µm in Southern pufferfish.
  • SMNs were not found in 11 examined species, including seven freshwater fish.

Conclusions:

  • The study expands the known diversity of SMN distribution in teleost fishes.
  • Factors such as age, captivity duration, and habitat salinity may influence SMN presence.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the proposed functions of SMNs in neurosecretion and mucous secretion.