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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Drug Excretion: Miscellaneous Routes01:10

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Drug excretion involves various organs, including the liver, intestines, skin, and eyes. In the case of drugs or toxins, they can be actively secreted into bile by transporters in the hepatocyte's canalicular membrane. These substances enter the GI tract during digestion and may be reabsorbed into the body from the intestine. This process, known as enterohepatic recycling, can significantly prolong the presence and effects of a substance in the body. To interrupt this cycle, specific...
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Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

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Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
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Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
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Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions01:14

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Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...
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Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems01:19

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Phase I biotransformation reactions are integral to drug metabolism, predominantly involving oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic transformations. Chief among these are oxidative reactions, which enhance the hydrophilicity of xenobiotics and introduce polar functional groups to facilitate their elimination from the body.
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Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging
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[Cutaneous reactions to drugs].

Ines Lederbogen1, Barbara Meier-Schiesser1,2

  • 1Dermatologische Klinik, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich.

Therapeutische Umschau. Revue Therapeutique
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PubMed
Summary

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are common, with Type A predictable and Type B rare but serious. Cutaneous ADRs, including those from immunotherapy, require careful clinical management.

Keywords:
Adverse drug reactionadverse cutaneous drug reactionimmune-related adverse effectsirAE

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Dermatology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a significant global health concern, contributing to morbidity and mortality.
  • ADRs are classified into Type A (dose-dependent, predictable) and Type B (idiosyncratic, unpredictable) reactions.
  • Cutaneous ADRs range from common maculopapular exanthema to rare, life-threatening severe cutaneous reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the spectrum of cutaneous adverse drug reactions.
  • To discuss the unique challenges posed by immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in patients undergoing immunotherapy.
  • To highlight the clinical significance of skin changes as potential indicators of therapeutic response.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of ADRs and cutaneous manifestations.
  • Analysis of classification and clinical presentation of ADRs.
  • Discussion of immunotherapies and associated immune-related adverse events (irAEs).

Main Results:

  • Type A ADRs are common and predictable, while Type B ADRs are rare and unpredictable, often requiring individual patient assessment.
  • Maculopapular exanthema is the most frequent cutaneous ADR, typically a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction.
  • Skin changes associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors and immunotherapies (irAEs) are frequent and may correlate with treatment efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the diverse clinical presentations of cutaneous ADRs is crucial for patient management.
  • Serious cutaneous ADRs, though rare, necessitate prompt recognition and intervention.
  • Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are an expected consequence of immunotherapy and can serve as biomarkers for treatment response.