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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

Antimicrobial Proteins

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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
Interferons
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...
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Selectins01:25

Selectins

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Cell adhesion is  an essential aspect of multicellularity. While stable cell interactions usually occur between cells of the same type, transient cell interactions occur between cells of different tissue types, such as between neutrophils and endothelial cells. Selectins are one class of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that bind carbohydrate ligands to form transient cell adhesion. They are rod-like proteins with a long extracellular part of variable length ending with the lectin domain,...
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Systematic Scoring Analysis for Intestinal Inflammation in a Murine Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis Model
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The complement system in intestinal inflammation and cancer.

Carsten Krieg1, Silvia Guglietta2,3

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and.

The Journal of Clinical Investigation
|October 1, 2025
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The complement system regulates intestinal health, inflammation, and cancer. Its dual role can protect or harm, impacting colon cancer development and treatment response.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • The complement system is crucial for intestinal homeostasis, inflammation, and cancer.
  • It has both canonical and noncanonical functions in the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Dysregulation contributes to inflammation and colon cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of complement in the gastrointestinal tract.
  • To provide an overview of complement-mediated modulation of immune and nonimmune cells in intestinal diseases.
  • To highlight novel findings and future directions in complement research for colon cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent clinical and preclinical studies.
  • Analysis of complement's role in intestinal epithelial and immune cells.
  • Exploration of complement pathways in colon cancer progression and therapy response.

Main Results:

  • Complement plays a dual role, supporting tissue repair or exacerbating inflammation.
  • The C3a/C3aR axis may constrain early tumor development but limit antitumor immunity.
  • Intracellular and tissue-specific complement activation in the intestine are underexplored.

Conclusions:

  • Complement functions are context- and cell-type-dependent in intestinal diseases.
  • It acts as both a protective shield and a harmful sword.
  • Further research is needed to utilize complement as a biomarker and therapeutic target in colon cancer.