Phytoconstituents in photoaging: therapeutic potential in prevention and regeneration

Aging is a universal and inevitable biological process that affects all living organisms at different rates. Both internal and external factors contribute to the aging of human skin. Intrinsic ageing is primarily determined by genetic predisposition and physiological changes over time, leading to the gradual loss of skin elasticity, thinning, and the development of wrinkles. Conversely, extrinsic ageing is largely attributed to environmental stressors, with ultraviolet (UV) radiation being a key factor in accelerating oxidative damage, collagen degradation, and an increased risk of cutaneous malignancies such as melanoma. One of the primary mechanisms driving skin ageing is oxidative stress, which is caused by an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This disrupts enzymatic homeostasis, particularly affecting elastase, an enzyme responsible for maintaining skin elasticity, thereby contributing to visible signs of ageing. The rising awareness of age-related dermatological concerns has led to a growing demand for natural, safe, and cost-effective strategies to mitigate skin ageing. Herbal compounds have gained significant attention due to their therapeutic potential and minimal adverse effects, making plant-based formulations increasingly popular in anti-ageing research. This review examines the molecular pathways of extrinsic skin ageing and explores phytoconstituents with promising anti-ageing properties. These bioactive compounds are categorised based on their mechanisms of action. Several plant-derived molecules, including mangiferin, lutein, curcumin, and resveratrol, exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Compounds such as quercetin, apigenin, and gingerol also demonstrate inhibitory activity against collagenase and elastase, preserving skin integrity and function. The growing body of research supporting these natural agents highlights their potential role in the development of effective anti-aging interventions.