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Depression is associated with impaired belief updating when receiving positive information, but not negative information. This systematic review clarifies the valence-specific effects of depression on belief adjustment.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psychiatry
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Prior research indicates a link between depression and altered belief updating.
  • The specific conditions and valence-dependency of this association remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and meta-analyze studies on depressive symptoms and belief updating.
  • To investigate valence-specific effects (updating-to-positive vs. updating-to-negative information).

Main Methods:

  • Systematic search of multiple electronic databases (PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library).
  • Inclusion of 29 papers (N=3,130) examining belief updating and depressive symptomatology.
  • Random effects models for pooled effect sizes; risk of bias and publication bias assessed.

Main Results:

  • A small, significant association (r = -0.11) was found between depressive symptoms and deficits in updating-to-positive information.
  • No significant association was observed for updating-to-negative information.
  • Low heterogeneity and no evidence of publication bias were noted.

Conclusions:

  • Depression is specifically linked to a deficit in updating beliefs based on positive disconfirming information.
  • No association was found between depression and updating beliefs in response to negative information.