Exploring the parallels between nanoparticles and viruses with emphasis on environmental roles and remediation

Nanoparticles and viruses share several similarities and link the fields of physical and biological sciences by covering and overlapping both realms. In this review we have discussed their commonalities based on classification of constituent material, mode of replication and origin, size, as well as function and application in cargo delivery. We have discussed the modulatory and characteristics of each subunit and how it contributes to cellular uptake and replication. We have also gone into their environmental roles in nutrient mobilization and cycling, being subject to and themselves exerting evolutionary pressures as well as their final environmental fates of immobilization and disintegration. Finally, we have explored their potential use in environmental remediation and energy generation. The novelty of this work is in signifying that both nanoparticles and viruses fall into the realm of macro-biomolecular or nano assemblies and are in many ways similar in origin, characteristics and can be often used synergistically to solve contemporary problems.