Prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Diarrheal Patients in Eastern India

Cyclospora cayetanensis, a food and waterborne pathogen, is responsible for prolonged diarrheal illness. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and seasonal patterns of C. cayetanensis infection among diarrheal patients in eastern India. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted. The overall prevalence of C. cayetanensis in the study region was determined to be 2.11%. The highest incidence (7%) was observed during the monsoon months, particularly in July and August. Children aged >5-12 years were the most susceptible group (17.8%, odds ratio [OR] = 47.45, P-value [P] < 0.0001). Individuals from households lacking proper sanitation or from rural areas showed a higher burden of infection. A statistically significant association between infection and contact with animals was also found (3.45%; OR = 2.81; P < 0.0001). Symptomatic individuals predominantly experienced profuse diarrhea with abdominal cramps. Coinfection with soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) was found to be most common in Cyclospora positive cases. Limited genetic diversity of Cyclospora was found within the population, with 6 haplotypes circulating in the region. Overall, this study highlights the public health risk posed by C. cayetanensis in eastern India. We recommend including Cyclospora detection in routine laboratory diagnoses to prevent its spread. Raising awareness of hygiene and implementing rigorous control measures will prove effective in the eradication of Cyclospora from this endemic country.