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Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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Elemental Composition Analysis of Sheep Tears Using Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission.

Alon Zahavi1,2, Oren Pe'er3, Noa Cohen Sinai4

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology and Laboratory of Eye Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel.

Veterinary Ophthalmology
|October 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis revealed consistent elemental concentrations in ovine tears over five days. Sodium and chloride were the most abundant elements, highlighting PIXE

Keywords:
PIXEbiomarkerelemental compositionsheeptears

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology and Veterinary Science
  • Biophysics and Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • The elemental composition of the tear film provides insights into ocular health.
  • Non-invasive methods for tear analysis are crucial for animal research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the elemental composition of ovine tears.
  • To evaluate particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) for tear analysis in sheep.

Main Methods:

  • Tear samples were collected from ten healthy ewes over five consecutive days using Schirmer tear test strips.
  • Elemental analysis was performed using PIXE and processed with GUPIX software.
  • Statistical analysis included Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc Dunn's tests.

Main Results:

  • Consistent elemental concentrations were observed across the 5-day sampling period.
  • Chloride (Cl) and sodium (Na) were the most abundant elements detected in ovine tears.
  • PIXE demonstrated reproducibility in elemental analysis of tear samples.

Conclusions:

  • Particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) is a reliable technique for analyzing the elemental composition of sheep tear film.
  • This method offers a precise approach for elemental analysis in small biological samples.
  • Future research should explore PIXE's potential as a biomarker for ocular and systemic health in sheep.