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Related Concept Videos

Empathy02:34

Empathy

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Some researchers suggest that altruism operates on empathy. Empathy is the capacity to understand another person’s perspective, to feel what he or she feels. An empathetic person makes an emotional connection with others and feels compelled to help (Batson, 1991). Empathy can be expressed in several ways, including cognitive, affective, and motor. 
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Self-Serving Bias01:29

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Self-serving bias is a cognitive phenomenon in which individuals attribute positive outcomes to internal factors such as their abilities, intelligence, or effort while attributing negative outcomes to external circumstances. This cognitive distortion helps maintain self-esteem but can also impede objective self-assessment.Theoretical Explanations of Self-Serving BiasTwo primary theories explain the self-serving bias: the cognitive explanation and the motivational explanation.The cognitive...
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Motivational Bias01:25

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Cognitive bias results from limitations in thinking and information processing, leading to systematic errors in judgment. Conversely, motivational bias stems from personal desires or emotions, causing distortions in perception to align with self-interest. Motivational bias influences how individuals perceive and attribute causes to events, often shaped by personal needs, goals, and self-esteem preservation. This bias can distort judgment, leading to inaccurate assessments of success, failure,...
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Self-Esteem and Culture01:26

Self-Esteem and Culture

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Self-esteem, a core psychological construct, is intricately shaped by cultural context and varies significantly between collectivist and individualistic societies. In collectivist cultures such as Japan, self-esteem tends to be flexible, context-sensitive, and influenced by relationships. A Japanese student, for instance, may show restraint in formal settings like school but behave more openly among close friends, reflecting the flexible and dynamic nature of self-concept in such...
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Individualist and collectivist cultures emphasize different core values, shaping personality in distinct ways. In individualist cultures, such as those in the United States, England, and Australia, people prioritize independence, competition, and personal achievement. These societies tend to promote self-focused traits, with individuals often reporting higher levels of self-esteem. In contrast, collectivist cultures, commonly found in regions like Asia, Africa, and South America, emphasize...
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Self Within Cultural Contexts

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Cultural frameworks for understanding the self are often categorized into two broad orientations: individualism and collectivism. These paradigms influence how people define themselves, relate to others, and interpret their social worlds. Each orientation offers distinct perspectives on autonomy, responsibility, and the role of the individual within a community.Individualistic CulturesIn individualistic cultures like North America and Western Europe, identity is understood as autonomous and...
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Cultural differences in self-reported empathy in Indonesia.

Sarah Nila1,2, Christine Webb3, Bambang Suryobroto4

  • 1Department of Psychology, Durham University, Stockton Rd, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK. sarahnila88@gmail.com.

Scientific Reports
|October 1, 2025
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Summary

Cultural factors significantly influence empathy in Indonesia. Ethnicity, religion, and social class shape how individuals experience and express empathy, impacting social dynamics.

Keywords:
Cross-cultural empathyIndonesiaNon-WEIRD societyProsociality

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Sociology
  • Cultural Studies

Background:

  • Empathy, with cognitive and affective facets, offers societal benefits but can be biased by social closeness.
  • Understanding empathy in non-WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) contexts is crucial for global insights.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate cultural variations in empathy within Indonesia's diverse population.
  • To examine how ethnicity, religion, residence, and social class predict empathy differences.

Main Methods:

  • Surveyed 2869 Indonesian adults using standardized questionnaires.
  • Assessed helping behavior, situational empathic concern, directed empathic concern, and personal distress.
  • Employed regression analyses to identify predictors of empathy components.

Main Results:

  • Gender, age, ethnicity, residence, religion, and perceived social class significantly predicted empathy.
  • Javanese and Sundanese participants reported higher empathy than Minangkabau; Muslims showed more empathy.
  • Higher social status correlated with more helping behavior and emotional empathy, but less personal distress.

Conclusions:

  • Cultural factors profoundly shape empathy within Indonesia.
  • Findings underscore the complex interplay between culture and socioemotional dynamics.
  • Highlights the need to consider cultural context in empathy research and application.