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Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction-based Analyses of Murine Intestinal Microbiota After Oral Antibiotic Treatment
Published on: November 17, 2018
The butterfly effect: collateral damage and impacts of antimicrobial strategies on the oral microbiome
Jason L Brown1, William Johnston2, Mark C Butcher2
1Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
Abstract:
The oral cavity is a complex environment hosting diverse microbial biofilms on different surfaces, all immersed in saliva that enables recolonisation and spread. These microbial populations fluctuate with diet, hygiene, antimicrobials, and disease. While biofilm control measures aim to protect health, they may cause unintended effects, including antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Persistent resistant microbes reshape oral and systemic niches through ecological disruption and genetic adaptation, which may negatively impact human health.
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