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Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
Published on: September 11, 2021
Exploring the mediating effect of feedback self-efficacy between students' self-feedback behavior and academic
Yongle Yang1, Zi Yan2, Jinyu Zhu2
1Research Center for Basic Education Quality Development, School of Education, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen, China.
This study reveals that how students use feedback (UF) directly impacts academic achievement. Process feedback (PF) and UF indirectly boost performance via feedback self-efficacy, with gender-specific effects observed.
Area of Science:
- Educational Psychology
- Learning Sciences
- Academic Achievement Research
Background:
- Self-regulated learning hinges on self-feedback and feedback self-efficacy.
- Limited research explores their combined influence on academic outcomes.
- Understanding these dynamics is crucial for enhancing student performance.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the predictive effects of self-feedback behaviors (process feedback, use feedback, seek feedback) and feedback self-efficacy on academic proficiency.
- To examine the mediating role of feedback self-efficacy in the relationship between self-feedback behaviors and academic achievement.
- To explore gender differences in these predictive relationships.
Main Methods:
- A questionnaire survey was administered to 665 Chinese high school students across Chinese, English, and mathematics.
- Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to analyze the direct and indirect effects.
- Multi-group SEM was used to investigate gender-based differences.
Main Results:
- Use feedback (UF) directly predicted academic proficiency.
- Process feedback (PF) and UF indirectly predicted academic proficiency through feedback self-efficacy.
- Seek feedback (SF) was not a significant predictor; gender differences emerged, with males showing stronger PF to self-efficacy links and females benefiting more academically from feedback self-efficacy.
Conclusions:
- Feedback self-efficacy is critical for translating self-feedback behaviors into academic success.
- The findings support the self-system model and highlight the need for gender-differentiated instructional strategies.
- Differentiated approaches can empower students, improve feedback utilization, and foster academic growth.
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