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CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its...
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Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a phytocannabinoid that primarily interacts with the CB1 receptor, a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly in and around the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and emetic center. THC also blocks the serotonin receptor activity in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) by inhibiting serotonin release. THC exerts its anti-emetic effects through these interactions, which are beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
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During adolescence, individuals experience significant cognitive development that enhances their understanding of others' emotions and thoughts, known as cognitive empathy. This period is marked by an increased ability to adapt to others' perspectives and a more nuanced understanding of others' mental states, a skill that is foundational for social problem-solving and conflict avoidance. The development of cognitive empathy relies heavily on the theory of mind — the...
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Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
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Hallucinogens are psychoactive substances that profoundly alter perceptual experiences, generating unreal visual and sensory images. Often referred to as psychedelic drugs — a term derived from the Greek words "psyche" (mind) and "delos" (revealing) — these substances include marijuana and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), among others. These drugs vary in intensity and effects.
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Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Administration of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Adolescent and Adult Mice
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Cannabis Use in Adolescents.

Gurkirat K Bhangu1, Aakanksha Singh1, Avni Shah1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, ChristianaCare.

Delaware Journal of Public Health
|October 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Cannabis legalization increases adolescent access and normalizes use, despite not significantly raising prevalence. This public health issue requires tailored interventions due to risks to adolescent development and health.

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Adolescent Medicine
  • Cannabis Research

Background:

  • Cannabis legalization is expanding nationwide.
  • Adolescent cannabis use remains a significant public health concern.
  • Legalization impacts normalization, perceived risk, and access for youth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Analyze current adolescent cannabis use prevalence and patterns.
  • Examine the consequences of cannabis use in adolescents.
  • Identify challenges and needs for intervention in adolescent cannabis use.

Main Methods:

  • Analytic essay reviewing current literature and data.
  • Examination of prevalence, patterns, and health outcomes.
  • Assessment of current treatment and intervention strategies.

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Last Updated: Jan 16, 2026

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Main Results:

  • Legalization has increased normalization and access, lowering perceived risk.
  • Higher potency products and new consumption methods pose challenges.
  • Adolescent cannabis use is linked to adverse outcomes in brain, mental, and physical health.
  • Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) is underdiagnosed and undertreated in youth.
  • Psychosocial interventions show modest efficacy, especially with family involvement.

Conclusions:

  • Urgent need for targeted education and policy measures for adolescents.
  • Accessible, evidence-based interventions are crucial.
  • Addressing the evolving challenges of adolescent cannabis use requires tailored strategies.