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Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles

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There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen.
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Neural circuits and neuronal pools are two of the main structures found in the nervous system. Neural circuits are networks of neurons that work together to carry out a specific task or process. They consist of interconnected neurons and glial cells, which provide structural and metabolic support.
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The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
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Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Modeling the Functional Network for Spatial Navigation in the Human Brain
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Hidden networks in the brain.

Dimitri Budinger1, Michael T Heneka1

  • 1Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Brain cells, or neurons, use dendritic nanotubes to connect beyond traditional synapses. This discovery reveals a new pathway for information transfer in the brain.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Synaptic connections are the primary known pathways for neuronal communication.
  • The complexity of brain networks suggests additional communication mechanisms may exist.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate novel structures potentially involved in inter-neuronal communication.
  • To explore mechanisms of brain connectivity beyond synaptic transmission.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized advanced microscopy techniques to visualize neuronal structures.
  • Employed molecular biology tools to identify and characterize newly discovered nanotubes.

Main Results:

  • Identified and characterized dendritic nanotubes as extensions of neuronal dendrites.

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  • Demonstrated that these nanotubes can bridge distances between neurons, independent of synaptic junctions.
  • Observed potential for molecular cargo transfer through these nanotube structures.

    • Conclusions:

    • Dendritic nanotubes represent a previously unrecognized mode of brain connectivity.
    • These structures may significantly contribute to information processing and network dynamics in the brain.
    • Further research into dendritic nanotubes could uncover new therapeutic targets for neurological disorders.