A review of host and pathogen gene targets for RNAi therapeutics in shrimp disease mitigation

RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a powerful therapeutic and research tool in shrimp aquaculture, with its significant potential for disease mitigation. This review explores the strategic targeting of essential genes-either from the host gene or the pathogen-as a basis for RNAi-based therapies in shrimp. Targeting host genes, especially those involved in immune responses, can lead to increased protective effects but also poses risks of lethality if essential physiological pathways are disrupted. Conversely, silencing pathogen genes offers pathogen-specific intervention, though with limitations in broad-spectrum applicability and potential off-target effects. This paper further discusses multi-variant RNAi approaches that target both host and pathogen genes, highlighting their potential in achieving greater protective effects. Also included is a review of Bioinformatics and AI applications in RNAi, and the possibilities it may offer for gene silencing in shrimp. Current evidence suggests that targeting host immune-related genes may yield higher survival outcomes, but a tailored, case-by-case approach remains important. Ultimately, the choice of target depends on a nuanced understanding of host-pathogen interactions. The findings underscore the need for continued research to optimize RNAi strategies for sustainable shrimp disease management.