Baicalein in Ophthalmology: Recent Progress and Emerging Therapeutic Applications

Baicalein, a flavonoid from Scutellaria baicalensis, demonstrates multi-target therapeutic effects in ocular diseases through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiangiogenic mechanisms, primarily via modulation of nuclear factor kappa B, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α/vascular endothelial growth factor pathways. This review highlights its efficacy in treating corneal diseases, glaucoma, uveitis, cataracts, and retinal/optic nerve disorders, supported by evidence from both traditional Chinese medicine formulations and modern pharmacological studies. Key advancements in delivery systems (e.g., nanocarriers, intravitreal hydrogels) address its solubility challenges and enhance bioavailability. Despite promising preclinical results, clinical translation requires optimization of dosing regimens and validation through rigorous trials. Baicalein's multifaceted action positions it as a potent natural candidate for managing inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular pathologies in ophthalmology, warranting further research to bridge mechanistic insights with therapeutic applications.