Neurodegeneration emerges at a cellular tipping point between aggregate accumulation and removal

Protein aggregates are a pathological hallmark across neurodegenerative diseases. Yet, the disconnect between molecular-level aggregation and the emergence of disease severely limits mechanistic understanding of neurodegeneration. Here, we bridge this disconnect by showing that a cellular tipping point emerges as a universal feature across diseases from the competition between aggregate accumulation and removal. We map the resulting cellular phase transition with our high-throughput live-cell assay, measuring the tipping point that separates healthy cells from those with large aggregate loads. Using super-resolution imaging of brain tissue from Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, we quantify how the balance of accumulation and removal is shifted in disease. We validate our framework by predicting how designed aggregation inhibitors shift the tipping point to restore cellular homeostasis. Our results provide a mechanistic framework connecting molecular-level aggregation to disease, paving the way for a quantitative, unified understanding of neurodegeneration and enabling predictions of therapeutic efficacy.