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Updated: Jan 16, 2026

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Caloric Restriction Reprograms Adipose Tissues in Rhesus Monkeys.

Josef P Clark1, Timothy W Rhoads2, Sean J McIlwain3,4

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

Aging Cell
|October 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Caloric restriction (CR) benefits aging by altering fat tissue. This study reveals shared and depot-specific molecular adaptations in subcutaneous and visceral fat in monkeys, offering insights into conserved aging processes.

Keywords:
adiposecaloric restrictionrhesus monkeyssubcutaneousvisceral

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Metabolic Research
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Caloric restriction (CR) is a dietary intervention known to extend lifespan and delay age-related diseases across various species.
  • Adipose tissues play a role in CR's benefits, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unelucidated.
  • Understanding fat tissue adaptations to CR is crucial for developing strategies to combat aging and associated diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular adaptations in subcutaneous and visceral adipose depots in response to long-term caloric restriction.
  • To identify shared and depot-specific changes in gene expression and pathways influenced by CR.
  • To compare these adaptations between monkeys and humans to assess evolutionary conservation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of gene expression profiles in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues from aged male rhesus monkeys subjected to life-long CR.
  • Differential gene expression analysis to identify significant molecular changes.
  • Pathway analysis to understand the biological processes affected by CR in different fat depots.

Main Results:

  • Life-long CR induced both shared and depot-specific molecular adaptations in subcutaneous and visceral adipose depots.
  • RNA processing and proteostasis pathways were commonly enriched in both fat depots under CR.
  • Metabolic, growth, and inflammatory pathways showed depot-specific alterations in response to CR.
  • Observed adaptations in rhesus monkeys share commonalities with human responses, indicating conserved mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Adipose tissue adaptations to CR exhibit significant depot-specificity, reflecting functional differences between fat depots.
  • CR-induced changes in RNA processing and proteostasis are conserved across different fat depots.
  • The depot-specific responses in metabolic and inflammatory pathways highlight distinct roles in aging and disease vulnerability.
  • These findings provide molecular insights into the conserved effects of CR on aging and suggest potential therapeutic targets.