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P-N junction

P-N junction

A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Spray-Coated Melanin/PEDOT:PSS Films for Sustainable Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Spray-Coated Melanin/PEDOT:PSS Films for Sustainable Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Published on: October 28, 2025

Integrated Electrochromic-Electromagnetic Shielding-Energy Storage Smart Window Based on PEDOT@Fe₃O₄ Core-Shell

Taolin Zhang¹, Siying Guan¹, Zhicheng Sun¹

¹Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, 102600, P. R. China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|October 3, 2025

Summary

New smart windows integrate light modulation and electromagnetic shielding. This research developed a novel composite material for advanced electrochromic windows offering energy efficiency and protection from electromagnetic pollution.

Keywords:

PEDOT@Fe3O4 core–shell composite electrochromic smart window electromagnetic shielding energy storage

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Optoelectronics

Background:

Growing electromagnetic (EM) pollution necessitates advanced materials for smart windows.
Existing electrochromic (EC) devices lack multifunctional capabilities and structural stability.
Integrating light modulation with EM shielding is crucial for next-generation windows.

Purpose of the Study:

To engineer a novel electromagnetic-shielding smart window (ESSW) with enhanced performance.
To develop a multifunctional EC device combining light modulation, energy storage, and EM protection.
To demonstrate the scalability and practical application of the developed ESSW.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a WO3-PEDOT@Fe3O4 composite cathode and a Prussian blue anode.
Assembly of the ESSW device for testing electrochromic and EM shielding properties.
Characterization of optical modulation, switching speed, coloration efficiency, cycling stability, and EM interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness.

Main Results:

The ESSW achieved 53% UV-vis modulation, fast switching (3.1s coloration, 4.7s bleaching), and high coloration efficiency (104.7 cm²/C).
The device demonstrated excellent cycling durability (93.4% retention after 600 cycles) and significant EMI shielding effectiveness (31.8 dB).
A scalable prototype confirmed reduced indoor EM radiation intensity from 108.2 to 19.2 µW cm⁻².

Conclusions:

The developed ESSW successfully integrates electrochromism, energy storage, and EMI shielding.
The composite cathode design enhances both optical modulation and EM shielding performance.
This technology holds significant potential for applications in aerospace, energy-efficient buildings, and defense.