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Functional and cognitive outcomes three years after COVID-19
Melanie Li1, Thomas Wisniewski2, Floyd Silva1
1Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery
|October 3, 2025
Summary
Long COVID patients reported significantly more neuropsychiatric symptoms compared to controls up to three years post-infection. However, no differences in functional or cognitive outcomes were observed between the groups.
Area of Science:
- Neurology
- Infectious Diseases
- Psychiatry
Background:
- Limited data exists on long-term functional and cognitive sequelae following COVID-19.
- Understanding post-COVID-19 outcomes is crucial for patient management and public health.
Purpose of the Study:
- To compare long-term functional, cognitive, and neuropsychiatric outcomes in patients at least one year after COVID-19 infection versus controls.
- To assess recovery trajectories in a subgroup of COVID-19 patients.
Main Methods:
- Observational cohort study comparing COVID-19 survivors (N=115) to COVID-19 negative controls (N=30).
- Evaluated functional status (mRS, Barthel Index), cognitive function (t-MoCA), and neuropsychiatric symptoms.
- Used multivariable logistic regression and paired samples Sign test for analysis.
Main Results:
- COVID-19 patients reported significantly more neuropsychiatric symptoms (76% vs 7%, aOR 15.0).
- No significant differences in modified Rankin Scale (mRS) after adjustment for covariates, or in telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment (t-MoCA) and Barthel scores.
- Functional status (mRS) showed significant improvement over time in a longitudinal subgroup (p=0.004).
Conclusions:
- Three years post-COVID-19, neuropsychiatric symptoms are more prevalent compared to controls.
- No significant long-term differences in functional or cognitive status were detected between COVID-19 survivors and controls.
Keywords:
COVID-19CognitionLong-COVIDOutcomesPost-COVID syndromePost-acute sequelae of COVIDSARS-CoV-2More Related Videos
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