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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Myeloid cell plasticity enables versatile immune functions through reprogramming.
  • Macrophages and neutrophils exhibit distinct classical and pathological polarization states.
  • Pathological polarization is linked to chronic inflammation, cancer, and immune suppression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current characterization of myeloid cell polarization states.
  • To explore transcriptional, epigenetic, and metabolic drivers of myeloid cell reprogramming.
  • To highlight the impact of cytokines and tissue microenvironments on myeloid cell polarization.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of myeloid cell plasticity and polarization.
  • Analysis of factors influencing myeloid cell reprogramming.
  • Examination of cytokine and tissue-specific influences (e.g., tumor hypoxia).

Main Results:

  • Myeloid cells reprogram in response to environmental cues.
  • Classical polarization supports antimicrobial activity and inflammation.
  • Pathological polarization involves immune suppression and aberrant functions.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding myeloid cell reprogramming mechanisms is crucial.
  • Pathological polarization offers therapeutic targets.
  • Modulating myeloid cell activity can lead to novel interventions.