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    Area of Science:

    • Space Medicine
    • Human Physiology
    • Biochemistry

    Background:

    • Magnesium is vital for bodily functions.
    • Spaceflight may disrupt magnesium balance, impacting astronaut health.
    • Understanding these changes is crucial for extended space missions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review magnesium level trends in astronauts.
    • To analyze serum, urine, and dietary magnesium data from spaceflight.
    • To identify changes in magnesium homeostasis during and after space missions.

    Main Methods:

    • Systematic literature search of human spaceflight studies.
    • Inclusion of studies reporting astronaut magnesium measurements.
    • Analysis of magnesium data across different mission phases (in-flight, landing, postflight).

    Main Results:

    • In-flight urine magnesium increased initially (+19.3%), with stable serum magnesium.
    • Serum magnesium showed a progressive increase with longer flight durations.
    • Landing day showed decreased urine magnesium (-30.01%) and stable serum levels.

    Conclusions:

    • Microgravity may cause early kidney magnesium excretion and rising serum levels.
    • Fluid shifts, neurohormonal changes, and bone/muscle loss may contribute.
    • Limited data for missions <6 months; long-duration effects remain unknown.