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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
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The skull base in NF1 phenotypes on lateral cephalograms.

Enno K Lilienthal1, Hannah T Scheuer2, Hanna A Scheuer3

  • 1Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.

Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery : Official Publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery
|October 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) alters skull base development, causing anterior elongation and posterior shortening. Facial plexiform neurofibroma (FPNF) in adults significantly impacts these skull base changes.

Keywords:
ClivusCranial baseNeurofibromatosis type 1Plexiform neurofibromaSkull base angle

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Area of Science:

  • Craniofacial development
  • Skeletal biology
  • Genetics and rare diseases

Background:

  • Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder affecting skeletal growth.
  • Craniofacial tumors, particularly facial plexiform neurofibroma (FPNF), are common in NF1.
  • Skull base morphology is crucial for craniofacial structure and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of NF1 and FPNF on skull base parameters.
  • To evaluate the skull base angle as a diagnostic marker in NF1.
  • To understand how tumor type influences skull base development in NF1 patients.

Main Methods:

  • Lateral cephalograms were analyzed in NF1 patients (N=74 with FPNF, N=92 without) and age/sex-matched controls.
  • Skull base measurements, including the skull base angle, were compared between groups.
  • Statistical analysis explored mean differences and the influence of age, sex, and tumor type.

Main Results:

  • NF1 patients exhibited statistically significant elongation of the anterior skull base and shortening of the posterior skull base compared to controls.
  • The skull base angle was significantly increased in NF1 patients.
  • Tumor type influenced skull base parameters in adult NF1 patients, with FPNF showing a notable effect.

Conclusions:

  • NF1, particularly FPNF, significantly affects skull base development.
  • Observed posterior skull base changes may represent early stages of dysplasia.
  • Skull base measurements alone do not define a pathognomonic NF1 facial appearance (facies).