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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

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Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Published on: August 15, 2018

Multiscale-engineered ferroelectric ceramics exhibiting superior electrocaloric performance.

Xiaowei Wei¹, Kun Zeng², Xiaoming Shi³

¹College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.

Nature Communications

|October 3, 2025

Summary

Researchers developed multiscale engineering to enhance the electrocaloric effect for thermal management. This method achieves a large temperature change (ΔT) and high electrocaloric strength simultaneously under a low driving field.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Thermodynamics
Solid State Physics

Background:

The electrocaloric effect, a reversible temperature change (ΔT) induced by an electric field, is a promising technology for advanced thermal management.
Achieving both a large ΔT and high electrocaloric strength concurrently has been challenging due to difficulties in engineering materials with large and flexible polarization changes.
Conventional approaches often struggle to synchronize these critical properties, limiting the practical application of electrocaloric materials.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a novel multiscale engineering strategy to enhance polar entropy and achieve synchronous large and flexible polarization changes.
To enable a large ΔT under a low driving electric field for efficient thermal management.
To overcome the limitations of conventional methods in realizing high electrocaloric performance.

Main Methods:

Proposed a multiscale engineering strategy to boost the polar entropy of electrocaloric systems.
Utilized a heterogeneous Ba(Ti_1-xSn_x)O₃ system by mixing different Ba(Ti_1-xSn_x)O₃ granules to enhance polarization heterogeneity.
Investigated the electrocaloric properties under varying electric fields and temperatures.

Main Results:

Achieved a significant ΔT of 1.5 K and a high electrocaloric strength of 0.375 K mm kV^-1 under a low driving field of 40 kV cm^-1.
Demonstrated a substantial ΔT exceeding 1.2 K across a practical temperature range of 30-50 °C.
Validated the effectiveness of multiscale engineering in enhancing electrocaloric performance.

Conclusions:

The multiscale engineering strategy successfully boosts polar entropy, enabling simultaneous large and flexible polarization changes.
This approach provides a new paradigm for designing high-performance electrocaloric materials and ferroelectrics for next-generation thermal management.
The demonstrated results highlight the potential for efficient and practical electrocaloric cooling applications.