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Synthesis of Core-shell Lanthanide-doped Upconversion Nanocrystals for Cellular Applications
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Solvothermal synthesis of lanthanide-doped CaF2upconversion nanoparticles using liquid-solid-solution approach.

Kapil S Janbandhu1, V B Pawade2, Anil M Pethe3

  • 1Department of Physics, R.T.M. Nagpur University, Nagpur, 440033, India.

Scientific Reports
|October 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) synthesized using the solvothermal method exhibit pure green, red, blue, and white emissions. These UCNPs show excellent color purity and potential for security applications like latent fingerprint detection.

Keywords:
CaF2FluorideLSSNanoparticlesSolvothermalUCNPs

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Photonics

Background:

  • Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are crucial for bioimaging, security printing, and optoelectronics due to their unique emission properties.
  • Lanthanide-doped calcium fluoride (CaF2) nanoparticles offer tunable luminescence for various applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize Ho3+/Yb3+, Er3+/Yb3+, Tm3+/Yb3+, and Er3+/Tm3+/Yb3+ co-doped CaF2 nanoparticles.
  • To investigate the photoluminescence properties and energy transfer mechanisms within these UCNPs.
  • To evaluate the potential of Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped CaF2 UCNPs for latent fingerprint detection and security applications.

Main Methods:

  • Solvothermal synthesis method for creating doped CaF2 nanoparticles.
  • Characterization using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM), Raman spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy.
  • CIE-1931 chromaticity analysis to determine color coordinates and purity.

Main Results:

  • Synthesized UCNPs exhibited pure green, red, blue, yellow, and white emissions under 980 nm excitation.
  • Color purity for red, green, blue, and yellow emissions exceeded 90%, indicating excellent chromatic performance.
  • Successful study of energy transfer mechanisms between Yb3+ sensitizers and Ho3+, Er3+, Tm3+ activators.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized CaF2 UCNPs demonstrate high color purity and tunable emissions, suitable for advanced optical applications.
  • The study highlights the potential of these UCNPs in security features, particularly in latent fingerprint detection.
  • Lanthanide ion doping in CaF2 provides a versatile platform for developing novel upconversion materials.