Operando fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy during Li⁺ intercalation into graphitic electrodes

The evolution of emission background within Li-ion half-cells was monitored using operando fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. Fluorescence lifetimes were spatially mapped on graphite electrodes during lithiation and delithiation within two electrolyte formulations containing either a Li[PF₆] or Li[ClO₄] salt, which highlighted differing emission characteristics associated with salt stability.