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Related Concept Videos

Solubility03:00

Solubility

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Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules,...
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Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Solubility Enhancement01:16

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Solubility Enhancement

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Body:Bioavailability is a critical factor in determining a drug's effectiveness. It refers to the proportion of a drug that enters the circulation when introduced into the body and is, as a result, able to have an active effect. Enhancing bioavailability is essential for drugs with poor solubility, as it can significantly impact their therapeutic efficacy. Various methods are employed to increase the solubility of drugs, thereby enhancing their bioavailability.Micronization and nanonization are...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug pKa, Lipophilicity and GI pH01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug pKa, Lipophilicity and GI pH

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Drug absorption within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a complex process influenced by several critical factors, including the site pH, the drug's dissociation constant (pKa), and the drug's lipophilicity. The GI tract exhibits a pH gradient, with an acidic environment in the stomach and a more alkaline environment in the small intestine. This pH variation directly affects the ionization state of drugs.
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Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
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Solubility Equilibria: Overview01:09

Solubility Equilibria: Overview

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When a substance such as sodium chloride is added to water, it dissolves, forming an aqueous solution. The extent of dissolution is called solubility. The process of dissolution can exist in equilibrium, just like other chemical processes. Solubility equilibria are also called precipitation equilibria because the process of solubility can be reversible. The reverse of the solubility process is called precipitation.
Solubility is important in biological and environmental processes. A notable...
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Entropy and Solvation02:05

Entropy and Solvation

8.2K
The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Understanding Molecular-Level Interactions Between the Soluplus-Bile Salts Mixed Micellar System.

Virendra Prajapati1, Arup Kumar Ghosh1, Debes Ray2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Ichchhanath Dumas Road, Keval Chowk, Surat, Gujarat 395007, India.

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This study explores Soluplus copolymer micellization with bile salts, enhancing its temperature stability. Bile salts like sodium deoxycholate improve Soluplus

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Colloid and Surface Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Soluplus, a graft copolymer, exhibits amphiphilic properties suitable for micelle formation.
  • Its low cloud point (CP) limits applications in temperature-sensitive formulations.
  • Bile salts are biologically relevant surfactants with potential to modify micellar properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the micellization behavior of Soluplus in the presence of sodium cholate (NaC) and sodium deoxycholate (NaDC).
  • To enhance the cloud point (CP) of Soluplus for broader formulation applications.
  • To elucidate the molecular interactions and stability of Soluplus-bile salt mixed micelles.

Main Methods:

  • Cloud point (CP) measurements.
  • Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) for micelle size and transitions.
  • Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) for micellar morphology.
  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Quantum Mechanical (QM) calculations.
  • Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • NaC and NaDC significantly increase the CP of Soluplus, with NaDC showing a greater effect.
  • Mixed micelles exhibit concentration-dependent transitions and defined morphologies.
  • DFT and QM analyses reveal weak intermolecular interactions and assess compatibility.
  • Soluplus forms micelles with CMC ~7.6 mg/L, hydrodynamic diameter ~70-90 nm.

Conclusions:

  • Bile salts effectively enhance the thermal stability of Soluplus micelles.
  • Mixed Soluplus-bile salt systems offer tunable properties for advanced formulations.
  • The study provides insights into the self-assembly and interactions of amphiphilic copolymers with biological surfactants.