Exosomes and their role in gastric cancer caused by Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the main pathogens linked to the etiology of gastric cancer (GC) and the cause of a large portion of the world's disease burden. Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles, play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of GC through their unique RNA cargo. Exosomes produced from H. pylori-infected cells carry bioactive chemicals such as MicroRNA (miRNAs), that rewire recipient cells, so modulating immune responses, promoting angiogenesis, facilitating metastasis, and contributing to treatment resistance. Here, the role of H. pylori in GC is discussed, with a focus on H. pylori-induced exosomal miRNAs in pathogenesis through regulation of gene expression, inflammatory responses, and the tumor microenvironment. This review underscores the importance of exosome-mediated cross-talk in H. pylori-induced GC as predictive diagnostic biomarkers. Moreover, their potential use in treatment approaches and the need for further research into exosome-based therapeutic strategies will be highlight.