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Ethical Standards I

Ethical Standards I

The American Nurses Association (ANA) created and implemented the first nationally accepted Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements. The Code of Ethics is a living document regularly updated by the ANA and establishes an ethical standard that is non-negotiable for nurses in all roles and settings.
The Code of Ethics provisions outline the nurse's duty to the patient, the healthcare team, the profession, and society. The Code's fundamental principles include advocacy,...

Nursing Code of Ethics

Nursing Code of Ethics

The Nursing Code of Ethics sets the ethical benchmark for the profession, and guides nurses in ethical analysis and decision making at the societal, organizational, and clinical levels. The code encompasses showing compassion and respect for the patient, their families, and communities in all circumstances while committing to providing patient-centered care. In addition, the code states that nurses must advocate for the patient by defending a cause or recommendation to protect their rights,...

Ethical Dilemmas I

Ethical Dilemmas I

Ethical dilemmas in nursing are of utmost importance, as they often arise from the tension between adhering to core ethical principles and the practical realities of healthcare delivery. These dilemmas require nurses to navigate complex situations where competing ethical considerations pull them in different directions.
Let us explore some examples to understand the potentially complex moral decisions nurses face.
Take the case of caring for minors, particularly in areas related to reproductive...

Ethical Standards II

Ethical Standards II

Ethical standards are the backbone of nursing practice, guiding nurses as they interact with patients, families, and colleagues. These standards are crucial for providing safe, empathetic care centered on the patient's needs.
Nurses are entrusted with upholding various ethical principles and standards. Nurses forge solid therapeutic relationships using trust, empathy, autonomy, confidentiality, and professional competence.
Confidentiality is crucial, embodying respect for individual privacy...

Ethical Issues

Ethical Issues

Nurses are essential in patient care, upholding the ethical principles of their profession and effectively navigating ethical dilemmas. Neglecting ethical issues can lead to inadequate patient care, compromised therapeutic relationships, and moral distress among healthcare workers.
Ethical Concerns in Healthcare:

Nursing Ethical Principles I

Nursing Ethical Principles I

Ethical principles serve as the moral compass in the longstanding tradition of nursing, guiding healthcare professionals in their interactions with patients and families. These principles, namely autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, and fidelity, provide a robust framework for navigating the ethical complexities of daily nursing practice.
Autonomy
Autonomy underscores the significance of a patient's self-determination and freedom from external control. In healthcare, respecting...

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Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Published on: August 25, 2014

Development and validation of the information ethics behavior evaluation scale for nurses.

Hitomi Sakamoto¹, Takuya Nagamine¹

¹Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, Japan.

International Journal of Medical Education

|October 4, 2025

Summary

A new scale effectively measures nurses' information ethics behavior, promoting self-reflection and ethical digital information management in clinical practice. This tool aids in preventing breaches and enhancing ethical decision-making.

Keywords:

ethical behavior informational ethics nursing ethics

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Last Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Published on: August 25, 2014

Area of Science:

Nursing Research
Bioethics
Health Informatics

Background:

Ethical considerations in nursing are paramount, especially with increasing digital information management.
Nurses require tools to assess and improve their ethical conduct concerning sensitive patient data.
Existing measures may not adequately address the nuances of information ethics in contemporary nursing.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a reliable and valid scale for evaluating nurses' information ethics behavior.
To create a tool that facilitates nurses' self-reflection on ethical practices.
To support the application of ethical principles in digital information handling within nursing.

Main Methods:

A scale development study utilizing exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted with 1,464 nurses in Japan.
Item analysis and EFA (alpha factor extraction, promax rotation) were performed on data from 427 participants.
Criterion-related validity was assessed using Spearman's rank-order correlation with an existing ethical behavior scale.

Main Results:

A 21-item, three-factor Information Ethics Behavior Evaluation Scale for Nurses was established.
The factors identified were: conscious information handling, appropriate information management, and response to information leakage risk.
The scale demonstrated strong internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .86) and supported criterion-related validity (r_s = .74, p < .001).

Conclusions:

The Information Ethics Behavior Evaluation Scale for Nurses is a brief, reliable, and valid instrument.
It serves as a framework for ethical self-assessment in nursing information handling.
The scale can contribute to preventing information breaches and promoting ethical decision-making in nursing practice.