Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 16, 2026
X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging
Published on: September 11, 2011
Immersive technology applications in radiation protection for fluoroscopy - A systematic review
S Videira1, M A Rodrigues2, J Santos3
1Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; Department of Radiology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António, Unidade Local de Saúde de Santo António, Largo do Professor Abel Salazar, 4099-001, Porto, Portugal.
Introduction:
Immersive technology is being increasingly incorporated into various professional and educational settings for occupational safety and health training. This review aims to assess the impact of immersive technology on the radiation protection (RP) of workers exposed to ionising radiation during fluoroscopy-guided procedures.
Methods:
Studies were collected from six databases on 3 April 2024: PubMed, Academic Search Complete, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, ScienceDirect, and Engineering Village. Additionally, studies were identified through snowball sampling techniques. Eligible studies assessed RP learning via immersive technology among healthcare workers or trainees exposed to ionising radiation from fluoroscopy in operating or interventional rooms. Additionally, only original research articles published in peer-reviewed journals and written in Portuguese, Spanish, English, and French were included. The review followed PRISMA and PICo, using narrative synthesis and bibliometric analysis. Quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool checklist.
Results:
Ten studies involving 358 individuals (37 % trainees/students; 63 % workers) were analysed. All assessed the usefulness of RP education/training, and most (9/10) reported an improved understanding of scattered radiation. Technologies used included virtual reality (7/10), augmented reality (2/10), and mixed reality (1/10). Radiation scatter visualisation was present in the majority (9/10) of the studies, and 1/10 combined immersive technology with clinical training.
Conclusion:
These technologies enhance learning outcomes, support effective RP teaching, and optimise work practices. Integrating clinical training with RP education is essential.
Implications For Practice:
This study supports healthcare professionals and educators in understanding how immersive technology (virtual, augmented, and mixed reality) is being applied and evaluated in training and real work contexts. Insights into methods, outcomes, and study populations inform practical use, while bibliometric data highlight key sources and authors for future reference and collaboration.
Related Concept Videos
01:20Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System III: X-Ray
Definition and Purpose
An X-ray, or radiograph, is a non-invasive method that uses ionizing radiation to take images of internal structures. It is mainly used in cardiac imaging to examine the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels, aiming to identify abnormalities in the heart's size, shape, and position, such as heart failure, congenital defects, and vascular...
01:24X-ray Imaging
01:28Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System V: CT
01:14Imaging Studies I: CT and MRI
Description of the Procedures
Computed Tomography (CT) scan:
Computed Tomography (CT) scans use X-ray technology to generate detailed images of bones, organs, and tissues. During the scan, the patient lies on a moving table...
01:30Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT
01:10Computed Tomography
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...