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Statistical support for identification using epigenetic traits of the human skeleton
Shelby Scott1, Tracy L Rogers1
1Forensic Science Program, Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
Forensic Science International
|October 4, 2025
Summary
Forensic identification can be quantitatively assessed using epigenetic trait frequencies, moving beyond subjective radiologic comparisons. This statistical approach enhances the reliability of positive identification in forensic anthropology.
Area of Science:
- Forensic Anthropology
- Forensic Radiology
- Population Genetics
Background:
- Radiologic comparison for forensic identification is often subjective and qualitative.
- Current methods lack quantitative assessment of evidentiary value.
- Epigenetic traits offer potential for objective identification but require population frequency data.
Purpose of the Study:
- To demonstrate a statistically quantifiable method for positive identification using epigenetic trait frequencies.
- To propose standards for reporting likelihood ratios and verbal equivalents in forensic identification.
- To enhance the evidentiary value of forensic identification through quantitative analysis.
Main Methods:
- Utilized epigenetic trait data from a previous study.
- Applied a statistically quantifiable approach based on trait frequencies.
- Employed a case study to demonstrate the method's practical utility and a combined likelihood approach.
Main Results:
- Developed a method for statistically quantifying positive identification based on epigenetic traits.
- Demonstrated the practical utility of this quantitative method in a case study.
- Showcased the benefits of a combined likelihood approach for forensic identification.
Conclusions:
- Quantitative assessment of epigenetic traits provides a statistically robust method for forensic identification.
- The proposed method enhances the reliability and evidentiary value of positive identifications.
- Standardized reporting of likelihood ratios is crucial for consistency in forensic identification results.
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