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The Global Positioning System (GPS) has become an indispensable tool in fieldwork, offering unparalleled precision and efficiency for surveying, navigation, and infrastructure development. By harnessing signals from a constellation of satellites, GPS receivers determine the location of objects with remarkable speed and accuracy, often completing calculations within a second.Advantages of Modern GPS TechnologyContemporary GPS receivers are designed to meet the practical demands of field...
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Geographic Information System (GIS) technology is essential for risk identification, action prioritization, and resource optimization in critical situations like flooding and earthquakes. By integrating spatial and demographic data, GIS provides a comprehensive framework for emergency response.GIS integrates data layers, like rainfall intensity, topography, elevation profiles, and river levels, to model high-risk flood zones. These layers assess areas susceptible to flooding based on their...
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Surveyors use Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to measure the precise location and elevation of points on Earth. In a recent survey, GPS receivers were used to determine the coordinates and elevations of two park monuments. The process involved careful mission planning, data collection, and correction to ensure accuracy. The survey began with mission planning to identify optimal satellite visibility and minimize Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP). A geodetic control point...
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Global Positioning System (GPS) technology has revolutionized navigation and positioning, but its accuracy is often compromised by various errors. These errors, stemming from environmental, satellite, and receiver-related factors, require careful mitigation to ensure reliable performance across applications.Atmospheric ErrorsGPS signals travel through the Earth’s ionosphere and troposphere, introducing delays which affect accuracy. The ionosphere is strongly influenced by charged particles,...
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The Global Positioning System (GPS) revolutionized positioning on Earth, providing precise location data through satellite ranging. The GPS system was developed in 1978 by the U.S. Department of Defense  for military use, and it became available for civilian applications in 1983, transforming fields including navigation, fleet management, and time synchronization for telecommunications systems.GPS consists of satellites in medium Earth orbit, about 20,200 kilometers above the surface,...
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GPS surveying methods vary in application, accuracy, and data collection techniques, catering to diverse surveying and mapping needs. Static GPS, kinematic GPS, and real-time kinematic (RTK) surveying are widely used. Each technique offers distinct advantages.Static GPS involves placing one receiver at a known reference point and another at the target point. It collects exact positional data by observing multiple satellite ranges over an extended period, achieving centimeter-level accuracy for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 16, 2026

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Emergency department crowding: How valuable is GPs information?

Rosella Levaggi1, Carmen Marchiori1, Michela Marchiori2

  • 1Department of Economics & Management, University of Brescia, Via San Faustino 74b, 25122, BRESCIA, Italy.

Social Science & Medicine (1982)
|October 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary

General Practitioners (GPs) referrals significantly decrease inappropriate Emergency Department (ED) use. This study quantifies how GP referrals can reduce unnecessary ED visits, aiding in managing overcrowding.

Keywords:
Emergency departmentsFast trackGP referralsInappropriate useOvercrowding

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Area of Science:

  • Health Services Research
  • Public Health Policy

Background:

  • Emergency Departments (EDs) face significant challenges with overcrowding.
  • A substantial proportion of ED visits may be inappropriate, suggesting potential for optimization through primary care.
  • The role of General Practitioners (GPs) in directing patient flow to EDs is a key area for policy consideration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether General Practitioners (GPs) referrals can reduce the rate of inappropriate Emergency Department (ED) use.
  • To quantify the impact of GP referrals on the likelihood of inappropriate ED admissions.
  • To provide evidence-based insights for healthcare policy aimed at optimizing ED resource allocation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a unique dataset comprising 38,572 admission records from the province of Trento in 2018.
  • Inclusion of specific data on the decision-making process for ED visits (patient-initiated vs. GP-advised).
  • Econometric analysis to estimate the effect of GP referrals on the probability of inappropriate ED access, robust to parameter and model variations.

Main Results:

  • 10.5% of recorded ED accesses were identified as inappropriate.
  • GP referrals were found to reduce the probability of inappropriate ED access by an average of 6.5 percentage points.
  • The findings remained consistent across different estimation models and parameter adjustments, indicating robustness.

Conclusions:

  • General Practitioners (GPs) play a vital role in mitigating inappropriate Emergency Department (ED) utilization.
  • Implementing and potentially fast-tracking GP referral systems can be an effective strategy to reduce ED overcrowding.
  • Quantitative evidence supports the integration of GP referrals into ED management strategies for improved healthcare efficiency.