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High-performance Sn/AuNP-based spectroscopic ellipsometric sensor for patulin.

Zafer Üstündağ1, Sinem Tunçer Çağlayan2, Mustafa Oguzhan Caglayan3

  • 1Kütahya Dumlupınar University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Chemistry, Kutahya, Türkiye.

Analytical Biochemistry
|October 5, 2025
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Summary

A new label-free spectroscopic ellipsometry aptasensor offers highly sensitive patulin detection. This method achieves sub-10 pg/mL limits for accurate mycotoxin analysis in food samples.

Keywords:
Food safety biosensorLabel-free aptasensorPatulin detectionSelf-assembled monolayerSn substrateSpectroscopic ellipsometry

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Area of Science:

  • Biosensing
  • Nanotechnology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Patulin (PAT) is a harmful mycotoxin found in foods.
  • Accurate and sensitive detection methods for PAT are crucial for food safety.
  • Existing methods often require complex sample preparation or labeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a label-free spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) aptasensor for ultra-sensitive patulin detection.
  • To investigate the performance of the aptasensor in terms of sensitivity, dynamic range, and accuracy.
  • To validate the aptasensor for real-world sample analysis, such as apple juice.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a tin (Sn) substrate with a self-assembled monolayer via electrochemical grafting.
  • Modification with gold nanoparticles and immobilization of anti-PAT aptamers.
  • Detection of patulin using label-free spectroscopic ellipsometry by monitoring phase shifts.
  • Characterization using cyclic voltammetry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • Achieved linear response for patulin detection over a wide concentration range (0.01-1000 ng/mL).
  • Demonstrated ultra-sensitive detection limits as low as 9.5 pg/mL.
  • Exhibited high precision (%RSD <1.1%) and accuracy (%RE within ±5%) in buffer and spiked apple juice samples.
  • Binding kinetics followed pseudo-second-order model, indicating efficient surface interactions.

Conclusions:

  • The developed label-free SE aptasensor provides a sensitive and reliable platform for patulin detection.
  • The method requires minimal sample preparation and no external labels, offering advantages for routine analysis.
  • This approach holds promise for rapid and accurate mycotoxin screening in the food industry.