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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Flail Chest-I01:24

Flail Chest-I

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Overview of Flail Chest
Flail chest is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the fracture of three or more adjacent ribs in multiple places. It is most commonly caused by direct impacts and trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or injuries from a steering wheel impact. It can also occur due to falls in elderly individuals with osteoporosis, or assaults involving sharp objects.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of flail chest is complex, involving fractures of...
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The Thoracic Cage: Sternum01:17

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The thoracic or rib cage forms the body's thorax (chest) portion. Its primary function in the body is to protect vital organs in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and the lungs. It consists of 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12).
The sternum is the elongated bony structure on the anterior side of the thoracic cage. It consists of three parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid...
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Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Modified Kouvalchouk technique for recurrent posterior instability of the shoulder: A retrospective multicenter review of 31 cases with an average follow-up of 5 years.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
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Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

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The throwing shoulder.

Jean Grimberg1, Emmanuel Dahan1

  • 1Clinique Jouvenet, Paris, France; IRCOS, 21, Boulevard Jules-Sandeau, 75016 Paris, France.

Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery & Research : OTSR
|October 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Throwing athletes often develop shoulder injuries like SLAP lesions and internal impingement. Treatment focuses on prevention, conservative methods, and surgery if needed to help athletes return to sport.

Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Throwing athletes experience high shoulder stress, leading to common injuries such as SLAP lesions and internal impingement.
  • Initial treatment strategies involve preventive and conservative measures throughout an athlete's career.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the management of shoulder pathologies in throwing athletes.
  • To discuss surgical options and expected outcomes for specific injuries.
  • To emphasize the goal of returning athletes to their previous level of sport.

Main Methods:

  • Conservative treatment includes posterior capsule stretching, rotator cuff and scapular stabilizer strengthening, and addressing scapular dyskinesia.
  • Surgical interventions are considered for cases unresponsive to conservative management.
Keywords:
Internal impingementSLAP lesionThrowing shoulder

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  • Specific surgical techniques are detailed for SLAP lesions (repair vs. tenodesis) and internal impingement (glenoidoplasty, labral debridement).

    • Main Results:

    • Conservative treatment aims to improve shoulder function and prevent further injury.
    • Surgical outcomes for SLAP lesions depend on age and type, with biceps tenodesis often recommended.
    • Surgical treatment for internal impingement is generally successful, but rotator cuff tears can negatively impact results.

    Conclusions:

    • A comprehensive approach combining conservative and surgical methods is crucial for managing throwing-related shoulder injuries.
    • Return to sport can be effectively evaluated using sport-specific subjective scores like the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic (KJOC) score.