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Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Bio-energetics Investigation of Candida albicans Using Real-time Extracellular Flux Analysis
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Bio-energetics Investigation of Candida albicans Using Real-time Extracellular Flux Analysis

Published on: March 19, 2019

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Updates on Candida albicans infections: pathogenesis, resistance, and emerging nanopharmaceutical strategies

Marilena Pariano1, Matteo Puccetti2, Consuelo Fabi1

  • 1Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.

Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy
|October 6, 2025
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Candidiasis, caused by Candida yeast, presents diverse infections. This review updates knowledge on Candida pathogenesis, antifungal resistance, and novel treatments for Candida albicans, focusing on emerging strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Mycology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Antimicrobial Resistance

Background:

  • Candidiasis is a spectrum of infections caused by the opportunistic yeast Candida, with Candida albicans being the most common species.
  • Understanding Candida pathogenesis involves factors like morphological plasticity, metabolic flexibility, biofilm formation, and gut dysbiosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated review on the pathogenesis, resistance patterns, and emerging therapeutic strategies for candidiasis, with a specific focus on Candida albicans.
  • To highlight recent advancements in antifungal resistance, diagnostics, and novel treatments, including next-generation antifungals, combination therapies, and nanopharmaceuticals.

Main Methods:

  • Literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, emphasizing publications from the last five years.
  • Review of recent developments in antifungal resistance trends, diagnostic innovations, and novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Exploration of emerging strategies like probiotics, vaccines, and antifungal stewardship, considering factors influencing candidiasis epidemiology.

Main Results:

  • Recent advancements have deepened the understanding of Candida pathogenesis, including its morphological and metabolic flexibility, biofilm formation, and role in gut dysbiosis.
  • Significant progress has been made in identifying antifungal resistance trends, developing innovative diagnostic tools, and exploring novel therapeutic avenues.
  • Emerging strategies such as probiotics, vaccines, and antifungal stewardship, alongside the impact of post-COVID-19 immunosuppression, cancer therapies, and climate change, are shaping candidiasis epidemiology.

Conclusions:

  • The future of Candida albicans management relies on personalized approaches integrating genomics and host-pathogen interactions.
  • Advanced drug-delivery platforms are crucial for combating resistance and improving patient outcomes in systemic candidiasis.
  • Combating resistance and overcoming current therapeutic limitations require innovative strategies for better patient management.
Keywords:
Candidiasisgut dysbiosisnanopharmaceuticalsnovel therapiespathogenicityresistancevirulence

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