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Decoding pain's neural rhythm: Gamma oscillation mechanisms, therapeutic modulation, and translational challenges in
Chen Zhang1,2,3, Lanze Xiao2, Min Xiao1
1Department of Emergency, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Chinese Medicine), Wuhan, China.
Abstract:
Gamma oscillations (30-100 Hz), as a rhythmic neuronal activity within the central nervous system, play a pivotal role in the initiation, progression, and therapeutic management of pain. By synthesizing relevant experimental and clinical evidence, this review examines pain-induced alterations in gamma oscillations across cortical regions and surveys recent gamma oscillation-based therapeutic interventions for pain management. Gamma oscillations in key cortical areas-including the somatosensory cortices, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and insula-are significantly modulated by pain. Therapeutic approaches encompass pharmacological agents (e.g., morphine, ketamine) and non-pharmacological modalities (e.g., electroacupuncture, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation). Emerging therapies such as virtual reality and music-based analgesia offer novel mechanistic insights. However, current research faces limitations, including prevalent insufficient sample sizes. Future research should leverage AI to conduct real-world studies, establish electroencephalogram databases, and investigate the role of gamma oscillations in disease pathology. This will advance precision pain management and optimize therapeutic outcomes for patients.
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