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Electrical Power

Electrical Power

Electric power is the product of current and voltage, represented in units of joules per second, or watts. For example, cars often have one or more auxiliary power outlets with which you can charge a cell phone or other electronic devices. These outlets may be rated at 20 amps and 12 volts, so that the circuit can deliver a maximum power of 240 watts. Consider a 25 Watt bulb and a 60 Watt bulb. The conversion of electrical energy produces heat and light, while the kinetic energy lost by the...

Electrical Energy

Electrical Energy

Using electric appliances for a longer period of time consumes more electrical energy and results in a higher electric bill. The energy produced by the transfer of electrons from one point to another is known as electrical energy. If power is delivered at a constant rate, the electrical energy can be defined as the product of power used by the device for a period of time. The energy unit on electric bills is the kilowatt-hour, where one kilowatt-hour is equivalent to 3.6 × 106 joules. The...

Electrochemical Systems

Electrochemical Systems

Electrochemical systems provide a fascinating insight into the dynamic interplay of charged species within various phases. One notable example is the interaction between a membrane permeable to K⁺ ions but not to Cl⁻ ions, separating an aqueous KCl solution from pure water. As K⁺ ions diffuse through the membrane, they generate net charges on each phase, leading to a potential difference between them.Similarly, when a piece of Zn is immersed in an aqueous ZnSO₄ solution, the Zn metal, composed...

Power System Distribution

Power System Distribution

Power system distribution involves delivering electrical energy from power plants to consumers through a network of transmission and distribution systems. The process begins at power plants, where energy from coal, gas, nuclear, water, and wind is converted into electrical energy. These plants use three-phase generators, typically rated between 50 to 1300 MVA, with terminal voltages ranging from a few kV to 20 kV, depending on the size and age of the units.
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Electrical Systems

Electrical Systems

In electrical engineering, the analysis of networks composed of passive linear components — resistors (R), capacitors (C), and inductors (L) — is fundamental. These components are organized into circuits where the relationship between input and output can be analyzed using transfer functions. The transfer function of an RLC circuit, which relates the voltage across a capacitor to the input voltage, can be derived using Kirchhoff's laws.
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Fast Decoupled and DC Powerflow

Fast Decoupled and DC Powerflow

The fast decoupled power flow method addresses contingencies in power system operations, such as generator outages or transmission line failures. This method provides quick power flow solutions, essential for real-time system adjustments. Fast decoupled power flow algorithms simplify the Jacobian matrix by neglecting certain elements, leading to two sets of decoupled equations:

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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Electrospinning Fundamentals: Optimizing Solution and Apparatus Parameters

Electrospinning Fundamentals: Optimizing Solution and Apparatus Parameters

Published on: January 21, 2011

A cost-effective and open-source near-field electrospinning system with a graphical user interface.

Cristian Castillo-Velásquez^1,2, Carlos Fuhrhop², Mario E Flores³

¹Universidad Austral de Chile, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Fisiología, Laboratorio de Biofísica Celular, Edificio Ciencias Médicas, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Región de Los Ríos, Chile.

|October 6, 2025

Summary

Researchers developed a low-cost Near-Field Electrospinning System (NFES) using 3D printing and open-source tools. This system effectively fabricates and functionalizes microfibers for various applications.

Keywords:

3D printing Electrospun fibers Graphical user interface Near-field electrospinning Open-source hardware Syringe pump

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Electrospinning Fundamentals: Optimizing Solution and Apparatus Parameters

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Published on: July 10, 2018

Expansion of Two-dimension Electrospun Nanofiber Mats into Three-dimension Scaffolds

Expansion of Two-dimension Electrospun Nanofiber Mats into Three-dimension Scaffolds

Published on: January 7, 2019

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Biomedical Engineering
Open-Source Technology

Background:

Electrospinning is a key technique for creating microfibers used in biomedicine and electronics.
Existing systems can be expensive and complex to operate.

Purpose of the Study:

To design and build an affordable Near-Field Electrospinning System (NFES).
To leverage open-source hardware and software for accessibility and customization.

Main Methods:

Modified a 3D printer for precise control of needle and collector movement.
Integrated an Arduino-based syringe pump for accurate solution flow rate control.
Developed a custom user interface for streamlined operation.

Main Results:

Successfully constructed a functional low-cost NFES.
Demonstrated the system's capability to fabricate microfibers using polyethylene oxide.
Showcased the potential for fiber functionalization.

Conclusions:

The developed NFES offers a cost-effective and accessible alternative for microfiber fabrication.
Open-source technologies enable the creation of advanced scientific instrumentation.
This system has potential applications in both research and industrial settings.