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Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
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Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
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Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
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Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that manifest during the developmental period. This condition encompasses challenges in reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and learning, accompanied by impairments in everyday life skills, such as communication, self-care, and social interactions. Intellectual disability affects approximately 1% of the population in the United States, impacting an estimated 5...
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Autism spectrum disorder: An Indian perspective.

Samir H Dalwai1, K S Multani2, Hilla Sookhadwala3

  • 1Founder Director & Developmental Pediatrician, New Horizons Child Development Centre, Mumbai, India.

Medical Journal, Armed Forces India
|October 6, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) care in India needs culturally responsive models. The New Horizons Developmental Program (NHDP) offers a caregiver-mediated, developmental approach to improve early diagnosis and interventions for children with autism.

Keywords:
Autism spectrum disorderCaregiver-mediatedDigital platformsEarly childhood development

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Area of Science:

  • Neurodevelopmental disorders
  • Global child health
  • Developmental psychology

Background:

  • Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence is rising globally, presenting unique challenges in low- and middle-income countries like India.
  • Cultural, geographic, and resource disparities hinder early diagnosis and evidence-based interventions for ASD in India.
  • Western-adapted models often fail to address the socio-cultural realities of Indian families affected by ASD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the New Horizons Developmental Program (NHDP) as a culturally responsive, caregiver-mediated model for autism care in India.
  • To propose a paradigm shift from traditional therapies to a developmental, family-centered approach for ASD.
  • To advocate for a dual-focus strategy redefining therapeutic priorities and expanding access to autism services in India.

Main Methods:

  • The NHDP model is grounded in developmental principles, emphasizing a family- and community-centered approach.
  • It focuses on empowering caregivers through culturally relevant interventions.
  • The model integrates multiple disciplines for holistic ASD care.

Main Results:

  • The NHDP offers a scalable solution for transforming autism care across diverse Indian contexts.
  • This approach addresses core developmental deficits often missed by traditional therapies.
  • Empowering caregivers and integrating disciplines leads to improved outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • India's autism care requires culturally grounded, developmental models like NHDP.
  • Scaling the NHDP via digital platforms and public health systems can create a sustainable ecosystem for early childhood development.
  • Prioritizing early childhood development is crucial for addressing the needs of children with ASD in India.