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During photosynthesis, plants acquire the necessary carbon dioxide and release the produced oxygen back into the atmosphere. Openings in the epidermis of plant leaves is the site of this exchange of gasses. A single opening is called a stoma—derived from the Greek word for “mouth.” Stomata open and close in response to a variety of environmental cues.
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Stomata-Inspired Intelligent High-Performance Hydrogel With on-Demand Gateable Electromagnetic-Interference

Junwei Wang1, Zhen Xiang1, Yongqi Yin1

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Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
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Summary

Researchers developed an intelligent hydrogel inspired by plant stomata for adaptive electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. This biomimetic material offers tunable shielding, mechanical toughness, and sensing capabilities for advanced applications.

Keywords:
biomimetic architecturehydrogelsintelligent EMI shieldingon‐demand gating

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomimetics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Intelligent adaptive electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials face challenges balancing tunability, mechanical strength, and multifunctionality.
  • Existing materials often struggle to overcome inherent trade-offs between these properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer an intelligent hydrogel inspired by plant stomatal regulation to overcome limitations in adaptive EMI shielding.
  • To achieve on-demand tuning of electrical conductivity, microarchitectures, and multifunctional properties simultaneously.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)/MXene-silver nanowires (AgNWs) hydrogel (PMA) mimicking plant guard cell stomatal regulation.
  • Utilized PNIPAM phase transition for osmotic-like actuation, a ZnO template for microchannel reconfiguration, and MXene-AgNWs networks with Zn²⁺ electrolyte for ion-flux pathways.
  • Incorporated Zn²⁺-riveted cross-links for mechanical reinforcement and a wrinkle-nanobridge architecture for sensing.

Main Results:

  • The PMA hydrogel demonstrated dynamic EMI shielding modulation up to 61.1 dB, actuated by hydration changes.
  • Achieved simultaneous tuning of electrical conductivity and microarchitectures.
  • Exhibited high mechanical toughness (360.6 kJ m⁻³) and integrated sensing with a gauge factor of 2.11 over a 394% strain range.
  • Showcased versatility through global electrothermal shrinkage for shielding and localized photothermal bending for soft actuation.

Conclusions:

  • The biomimetic hydrogel successfully transcends trade-offs in adaptive EMI shielding materials.
  • This intelligent hydrogel offers a versatile platform for smart wearables and human-machine interfaces.
  • The developed strategy establishes a new paradigm for designing intelligent, multifunctional hydrogels.