Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 15, 2026
The Establishment of a Murine Mandibular Molar Extraction Socket Healing Model
Published on: January 13, 2023
Biomarkers during early healing of extraction procedures: a prospective case series
Alessandra Toti1, Ada Kura2, Elena Sticchi3
1Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - NEUROFARBA - Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. alessandra.toti@unifi.it.
Objectives:
This study aims to: (1) evaluate the temporal profiles of VEGF-A, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, G-CSF, TNF-α, and β-NGF in surgical wound exudate (WF), comparing them to each patient's baseline values from gingival crevicular fluid (GCF); (2) describe a non-invasive, reliable method for collecting and processing WF to identify molecular markers involved in wound healing.
Materials And Methods:
Twenty-four patients underwent surgical tooth extraction. GCF samples were collected preoperatively (T0), and WF samples 24 h (T1) and 7 days (T2) postoperatively. Protein concentrations were measured using multiplex ELISA and expressed as mean ± SEM.
Results:
IL-1β significantly increased from 23.58 ± 4.52 (T0) to 83.95 ± 21.39 (T1; p < 0.001). TNF-α rose from 1.82 ± 0.48 to 40.88 ± 11.27 (p < 0.0001), IL-6 peaked at 214.76 ± 38.21 (from 2.37 ± 0.98; p < 0.0001), and VEGF-A increased to 18.50 ± 4.85 (from 3.46 ± 2.19; p < 0.001).
Conclusions:
The method enabled efficient, non-invasive assessment of protein levels relative to individual baselines, confirming expected biomarker trends in early wound healing.
Clinical Relevance:
Non-invasive biomarker analysis of wound exudate offers a practical approach to monitor healing and support targeted pain reduction and tissue repair strategies.
