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Voice-Hearing in the General Population: The Relationship Between Inner Speech, Absorption, and Voice-Like
Eleanor Schille-Hudson1, Kara Weisman2, Tanya Luhrmann1
1Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
Schizophrenia Bulletin
|October 6, 2025
Summary
Inner speech and absorption significantly predict voice hearing experiences. Absorption may causally influence inner speech, shaping vivid thoughts perceived as sensory experiences in the general population.
Area of Science:
- Psychology
- Cognitive Science
Background:
- Inner speech models explain voice hearing in general and clinical populations.
- Previous research linked inner speech to hallucination proneness.
- Absorption was hypothesized as a predictor and mediator.
Purpose of the Study:
- To replicate the link between inner speech and hallucination proneness across cultures.
- To investigate absorption as a predictor of voice hearing.
- To explore inner speech mediating absorption's effect on voice hearing.
Main Methods:
- Two studies were conducted involving surveys.
- Study 1 surveyed 825 undergraduates across five countries.
- Study 2 surveyed 1000 online participants in the USA.
Main Results:
- Both inner speech and absorption predicted voice hearing in both studies.
- A complex, moderated mediation model described the relationship between absorption and inner speech in Study 2.
Conclusions:
- Absorption, an attitude toward the mind, may causally precede inner speech in generating voice-like experiences.
- This model better accounts for the range of phenomenological experiences in voice hearing.
- Voice hearing may be experienced as vivid thoughts rather than misattributed speech.
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