From Chemistry to Clinic: Polysaccharide-Bioceramic Composites for Tissue Engineering Applications

Composite scaffolds combining polysaccharides and bioceramics represent next-generation scaffolds extensively investigated in tissue engineering (TE) and biomedical applications. Polysaccharides such as chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and pectin mimic the extracellular matrix components with their tunable physicochemical properties, enabling a favorable microenvironment for cell adhesion, proliferation, and cell-matrix interactions. On the other hand, bioceramics, including calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, and bioactive glasses, enhance the mechanical properties of the material and offer structural integrity and osteoconductive properties. While they have generally been preferred to be used in bone TE and dental applications, various studies have also demonstrated their potential in cartilage regeneration, wound healing, and broader biomedical applications. Recent advancements in material design and scaffold fabrication techniques, particularly 3D printing and electrospinning, have provided precise engineering of materials and fabrication of scaffolds for desirable mechanical properties and biological performance. These innovations foster the development of patient-specific scaffolds, thereby paving the way for applications in personalized medicine. This review critically summarizes alternative polysaccharides, bioceramics, and composite materials used in TE and biomedical applications. It also highlights advanced fabrication strategies and finally explores the translational potential of these biocomposites. By integrating emerging technologies, this review aims to provide alternative and sustainable materials for the development of next-generation scaffolds that meet clinical needs.