Driving style modulates earthquake alert responses: EEG and eye-tracking evidence from simulated emergencies

Sudden earthquakes can severely disrupt urban transportation networks, leading to traffic interruptions and secondary accidents. Earthquake early warning (EEW) systems offer drivers a short window to respond. However, reactions vary by driving style, which influences attention and decision-making under stress. This study aims to examine how individual driving styles influence cognitive and behavioral responses to EEW alerts, with the goal of informing behavior-aware safety strategies during seismic emergencies.

A total of 92 licensed drivers were classified into three driving style categories: cautious, aggressive, and defensive. Participants were exposed to simulated earthquake scenarios while driving, during which their eye movements and electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were continuously recorded. Behavioral responses were analyzed to identify common and style-specific patterns in attention allocation, cognitive load, and vehicle control.

All drivers followed a three-stage response pattern consisting of perception, fluctuation, and execution after EEW alerts. However, the duration and transition path of these stages varied by driving style. Aggressive drivers reacted quickly with frequent eye shifts and abrupt changes. Cautious drivers showed prolonged scanning and higher cognitive load, leading to delayed responses. Defensive drivers maintained steady attention, low tension, and smooth vehicle control.

Driving style significantly influences both the timing and quality of responses to EEW alerts during earthquakes. The integration of behavioral profiling and neurocognitive metrics highlights the need for adaptive EEW interfaces tailored to individual drivers. These findings provide a foundation for enhancing transport resilience through personalized alert systems and targeted safety interventions.