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Development and validation of an ICF-based new scale-Atilim Kinesiophobia Scale: A methodological study.

Naime Uluğ1, Ayhan Parmaksiz2, Sena Nur Begen3,4

  • 1The Faculty of Health Sciences of Ankara University Prosthetics and Orthotics Department, Ankara, Turkey.

Medicine
|October 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A new scale, the Atilim Kinesiophobia Scale (AKS), effectively assesses kinesiophobia in patients with musculoskeletal pain. This International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-based tool shows good validity and reliability for clinical use.

Keywords:
ICFfear of movementkinesiophobiapainscale

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Area of Science:

  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Psychology
  • Health Sciences

Background:

  • Kinesiophobia, the fear of movement, is linked to disability by limiting physical activity.
  • Assessing kinesiophobia is crucial for managing conditions that increase disability risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a scale for assessing kinesiophobia based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) multidimensional structure.
  • To create a reliable and valid tool for measuring kinesiophobia in patients experiencing musculoskeletal pain.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study involving 367 subjects to develop the Atilim Kinesiophobia Scale (AKS) in Turkish.
  • Content validity, reliability, and construct validity (convergent and divergent) were assessed using established scales like the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia-17 and Visual Analog Scale.
  • The final AKS version was refined to 4 factors and 14 items based on psychometric analysis.

Main Results:

  • The AKS demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.862) and convergent validity, with significant correlations with the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia-17 (r=0.478).
  • Divergent validity was supported by insignificant correlations with the Visual Analog Scale (r=0.019).
  • The final 14-item AKS showed good internal validity.

Conclusions:

  • The Atilim Kinesiophobia Scale (AKS) is a valid and reliable ICF-based instrument for assessing kinesiophobia in patients with acute or chronic musculoskeletal pain.
  • The AKS can be utilized in clinical settings to evaluate fear of movement, potentially improving patient management.
  • Further research is recommended to establish the validity and reliability of the AKS in diverse linguistic and cultural contexts.