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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 15, 2026

"Phagosome Closure Assay" to Visualize Phagosome Formation in Three Dimensions Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescent Microscopy TIRFM
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Atg2/TRAPPIII-Ypt1 axis: deciphering the phagophore-ERES connection.

Rubén Gómez-Sánchez1, J Christopher Fromme2, Christian Ungermann3,4

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.

Autophagy
|October 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Generating membrane contact sites between phagophores and ER exit sites is crucial for autophagy. This process synchronizes lipid transfer and protein recruitment, initiating phagophore expansion into autophagosomes.

Keywords:
Atg2Atg9TRAPPIIIYpt1autophagymembrane contact sitesphagophore

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Autophagy Research
  • Membrane Trafficking

Background:

  • Autophagy is a vital cellular process for degrading damaged components.
  • Phagophore expansion into autophagosomes requires lipid supply, often from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
  • Membrane contact sites (MCSs) between the phagophore and ER, especially ER exit sites (ERES), are critical for this lipid transfer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanism of phagophore-ERES MCS formation.
  • To understand how MCSs synchronize factors essential for phagophore expansion.
  • To identify key proteins involved in initiating phagophore expansion.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the role of TRAPPIII complex, Ypt1 GTPase, and Atg2 in phagophore-ERES association.
  • Analyzed the activation of TRAPPIII and recruitment of Ypt1 upon MCS formation.
  • Examined the impact of active Ypt1 on phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) synthesis and effector recruitment.

Main Results:

  • TRAPPIII, Ypt1 GEF, and Atg2 mediate phagophore-ERES MCS formation.
  • MCS establishment activates TRAPPIII, leading to Ypt1 recruitment to the phagophore.
  • Active Ypt1 promotes local PtdIns3P biosynthesis, recruiting Atg18 and Atg21 for phagophore expansion.

Conclusions:

  • Phagophore-ERES MCS generation is a key signaling event initiating phagophore expansion.
  • The TRAPPIII-Ypt1 pathway coordinates lipid supply and effector recruitment for autophagosome biogenesis.
  • This study reveals a novel mechanism linking membrane contact site formation to the initiation of autophagy.