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Related Concept Videos

Voltage-gated Ion Channels01:26

Voltage-gated Ion Channels

10.3K
Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential. They are present on the membranes of all electrically excitable cells such as neurons, heart, and muscle cells.
Generally, all voltage-gated ion channels have a 'voltage-sensing domain' that spans the lipid bilayer. The charged residues in the sensor move in response to the membrane potential changes that open the channel allowing ions movement. There are several types of...
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Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

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The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow...
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Electrochemical Gradient and Channel Proteins: An Overview01:21

Electrochemical Gradient and Channel Proteins: An Overview

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An electrochemical gradient is a fundamental concept in biology and chemistry. It regulates the movement of ions across cell membranes. This movement is influenced by two factors:
The electrical gradient: The electrical gradient across cell membranes refers to the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a cell.  This difference drives the movement of ions towards or away from the cells. For instance, if the inside of the cell is more negatively charged relative to...
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Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

Non-gated Ion Channels

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Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
Compared to the gated ion channels, the non-gated channels, also known as leakage or passive channels, have no gating mechanism....
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Ligand-gated Ion Channels01:19

Ligand-gated Ion Channels

13.9K
Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins with a channel for ions to pass through and a binding site for a ligand. The channel opens only when a ligand attaches to the binding site.
Three Subfamilies of Ligand-gated Ion Channels
Ligand-gated ion channels fall into three subfamilies. The 'Cys-loop' includes the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. The second one is the 'Pore-loop' channels that...
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Roles of Electrolytes: Chloride and Bicarbonate01:29

Roles of Electrolytes: Chloride and Bicarbonate

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Chloride ions contribute to the osmotic pressure gradient distinguishing the intracellular fluid (ICF) from the extracellular fluid (ECF). They counterbalance positively charged ions in the ECF and ensure its electrochemical stability. The renal system's process of chloride absorption and release generally mirrors that of sodium ions.
Conditions such as hypochloremia can arise from insufficient chloride reabsorption by the kidneys, often compounded by extended bouts of diarrhea, vomiting,...
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Determination of the Relative Cell Surface and Total Expression of Recombinant Ion Channels Using Flow Cytometry
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Determination of the Relative Cell Surface and Total Expression of Recombinant Ion Channels Using Flow Cytometry

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Chloride channels in endothelial cells.

Alejandro Mata-Daboin1, Tessa A C Garrud1, Jonathan H Jaggar1

  • 1Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.

The Journal of Physiology
|October 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Endothelial cells utilize chloride channels to regulate vital functions and maintain cell health. Dysfunctional chloride channels in these cells are linked to serious diseases like hypertension and cancer.

Keywords:
CLC channelTMEM16A channelWNK kinasechloride channelchloride intracellular channelcystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorendothelial cellvolume‐regulated anion channel

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One-channel Cell-attached Patch-clamp Recording
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Determination of the Relative Cell Surface and Total Expression of Recombinant Ion Channels Using Flow Cytometry

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One-channel Cell-attached Patch-clamp Recording
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Physiology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Endothelial cells (ECs) are crucial for vascular functions, regulating processes like angiogenesis and blood-tissue exchange.
  • Chloride (Cl-) is a key intracellular anion in ECs, with its concentration tightly regulated by various transport proteins.
  • ECs express multiple types of Cl- channels, including TMEM16A, LRRC8, CLCs, CFTR, and CLICs, located on the plasma membrane and intracellular organelles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of Cl- channel types expressed in ECs.
  • To explore the signaling mechanisms, physiological roles, and pathological relevance of these channels.
  • To highlight the role of intracellular Cl- as a second messenger regulating WNK kinases in ECs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on endothelial cell chloride channels.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the expression and function of various Cl- channel proteins in ECs.
  • Examination of evidence linking Cl- channel dysfunction to specific diseases.

Main Results:

  • ECs express a variety of Cl- channels that modulate membrane potential and intracellular Cl- levels.
  • Intracellular Cl- acts as a physiological second messenger, influencing WNK kinase activity in ECs.
  • Impaired function of these channels is associated with diseases including hypertension, atherosclerosis, cancer, and lung edema.

Conclusions:

  • Cl- channels play critical roles in EC physiology and function.
  • Understanding these channels is vital for comprehending EC-related diseases.
  • Further research into Cl- channel regulation and dysfunction may offer therapeutic targets.