Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Strategies for Assessing and Addressing Confounding01:25

Strategies for Assessing and Addressing Confounding

360
Confounding is a critical issue in epidemiological studies, often leading to misleading conclusions about associations between exposures and outcomes. It occurs when the relationship between the exposure and the outcome is mixed with the effects of other factors that influence the outcome. Given that, addressing confounding is of high importance for drawing accurate inferences in research.
Confounding can be addressed at both the design phase of a study and through analytical methods after data...
360
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder01:27

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

482
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that arises following exposure to traumatic events such as natural disasters, forced displacement, or severe accidents. It significantly impairs individuals' ability to cope with daily activities and disrupts their emotional and psychological equilibrium.
Symptoms and Behavioral Manifestations
A spectrum of distressing symptoms characterizes PTSD. Recurrent flashbacks, where individuals involuntarily relive traumatic events,...
482
Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches01:23

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

406
Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast,...
406
Confounding in Epidemiological Studies01:27

Confounding in Epidemiological Studies

573
Confounding in statistical epidemiology represents a pivotal challenge, referring to the distortion in the perceived relationship between an exposure and an outcome due to the presence of a third variable, known as a confounder. This variable is associated with both the exposure and the outcome but is not a direct link in their causal chain. Its presence can lead to erroneous interpretations of the exposure's effect, either exaggerating or underestimating the true association. This...
573
Surveys02:16

Surveys

16.6K
Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
16.6K
Bias in Epidemiological Studies01:29

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

1.3K
Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:  
1.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Prehospital tourniquet use and associated outcomes in a low-resource conflict setting: prospective observational casualty data and tourniquet classification system from the Sahel.

BMJ military health·2026
Same author

Community health worker implementation of transdiagnostic evidence-based treatment in Spanish: protocol for refinement, implementation, and a feasibility pilot RCT.

Implementation science communications·2026
Same author

Ethical Issues Conducting Research During War and Violent Conflict: A Review.

Developing world bioethics·2026
Same author

Civilian Shelter Guidance in Armed Conflict Zones: A Qualitative Study of International Humanitarian Practitioners - ERRATUM.

Disaster medicine and public health preparedness·2026
Same author

Impact and Limitations of Advances in War Surgery, 1975 to Present.

World journal of surgery·2026
Same author

Trends in Blood Product Utilization at a Military Hospital in the Sahel (2021-2024).

Military medicine·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Author Spotlight: Developing Precise and Clinically Relevant Models for Studying Secondary Degeneration in Traumatic Optic Neuropathy
04:02

Author Spotlight: Developing Precise and Clinically Relevant Models for Studying Secondary Degeneration in Traumatic Optic Neuropathy

Published on: November 29, 2024

1.5K

Retraumatization Associated with Quantitative Epidemiological Research Methods in Conflict Settings: Issues and

Ola Bazzi1, Alex Munyambabazi2, Emily E Anderson3

  • 1Faculty of Health Sciences, https://ror.org/04pznsd21American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness
|October 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Quantitative epidemiologic methods in emergencies risk participant retraumatization. This study proposes best practices adapted from qualitative research and witness protection to mitigate these risks and protect vulnerable populations.

Keywords:
Conflict researchParticipants protectionQualitative researchQuantitaive epidemiological researchResearch ethicsRetraumatizationTrauma-informed researchTribunal proceedings

More Related Videos

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder
09:55

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

Published on: March 8, 2018

13.1K
Author Spotlight: Deciphering the Long-Term Effects of Low-Level Blast Exposures in Mice
06:00

Author Spotlight: Deciphering the Long-Term Effects of Low-Level Blast Exposures in Mice

Published on: May 24, 2024

1.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Author Spotlight: Developing Precise and Clinically Relevant Models for Studying Secondary Degeneration in Traumatic Optic Neuropathy
04:02

Author Spotlight: Developing Precise and Clinically Relevant Models for Studying Secondary Degeneration in Traumatic Optic Neuropathy

Published on: November 29, 2024

1.5K
Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder
09:55

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

Published on: March 8, 2018

13.1K
Author Spotlight: Deciphering the Long-Term Effects of Low-Level Blast Exposures in Mice
06:00

Author Spotlight: Deciphering the Long-Term Effects of Low-Level Blast Exposures in Mice

Published on: May 24, 2024

1.3K

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Trauma-informed research

Background:

  • Quantitative epidemiologic methods are vital in conflict and emergency settings.
  • Current methods risk retraumatizing participants, with limited guidance on mitigation.
  • Ethical considerations for vulnerable populations require careful attention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the risk of retraumatization in quantitative epidemiology in emergency settings.
  • To provide guidance on ethical participant protection.
  • To develop preliminary standards and best practices.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of qualitative research with trauma survivors.
  • Analysis of witness protection strategies in tribunal proceedings.
  • Adaptation of ethical practices from qualitative research and legal contexts.

Main Results:

  • Identified risks of retraumatization associated with quantitative methods.
  • Synthesized ethical considerations from related fields.
  • Proposed preliminary standards for participant protection.

Conclusions:

  • Existing quantitative epidemiologic methods require adaptation for emergency settings.
  • Best practices can be derived from qualitative research and tribunal contexts.
  • Community partnership is essential for refining participant protection strategies.