Therapeutic potential of copper II oxide in treating diabetic wounds: an emerging approach for enhanced healing

Diabetes is the most serious consequence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, which affects almost all vital organs in the human body. According to the World Health Organization, 537 million adults worldwide are affected by diabetes and its complications. By 2030, this figure is expected to reach 643 million, and by 2045, it will reach 783 million. Up to 25% of diabetic patients experience the equivalent foot Ulcer (Diabetic wound). Infections result in hospitalization in more than 50% of wounds, and 20% of infections necessitate amputations. In India, people with DWs account for 80% of all non-traumatic amputations performed yearly. The rise in blood sugar levels, reflected by a chronic hyperglycemic state, is a significant contributor to the failure of the healing process. This is because the extremities do not get enough blood, which reduces oxygen. In diabetic wounds, oxidative stress plays a critical role in stabilizing Hypoxia hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1 α). Numerous researchers have looked into the theory that oxidative stress in a specific area causes delayed chronic diabetic wounds. Some of the existing remedies, such as hyperbaric oxygen inhalation therapy (HBO) and other topical gaseous oxygen (TGO) administration, have certain drawbacks, such as the inability to stop oxidative stress in particular regions of the wound that cannot synthesize oxygen in the target site. Therefore, it is crucial to reduce oxidative stress in chronic diabetic wounds. In this review, we focus on metal oxide-related nanoparticles such as copper II oxide, which act as an anti-oxidant activity property by lowering the oxidative stress and stabilizing Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF), which in turn encourages proangiogenic factors and vascular endothelial growth factors to aid in wound healing.