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Prevalence and molecular insights of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Sudanese Cattle: implications for
Sanaa M Idris1,2,3, Wisal A Elmagzoub1,2,4, Mohamed E Mukhtar5
1Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 1, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
Abstract:
Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a chronic intestinal disease affecting ruminants and somenon-ruminants, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). In the Sudan, published data on the incidence and prevalence of PTB are Limited. we detected MAP in human patients with gastrointestinal complaints highlights its zoonotic potential and raises public health concerns. This study aimed at assessing PTB prevalence in cattle and identifying risk factors for MAP infection as well as investigating the phylogeny of MAP circulating in the Sudan. Both serum and faecal samples were collected from the same individual animals of 810 cattle in 153 herds in five states spanning three regions (Southern, Northern, and Central) of the country. ELISA was used to detect MAP antibodies in sera, while faecal samples were tested for MAP DNA using a recombinase aided amplification (RAA) assay and cultured for MAP isolation followed by partial sequencing of MAP insertion sequence 1311 with subsequent phylogeny analysis. At the animal level, the apparent prevalence was 5.0% for ELISA and 4.2% for RAA, with true prevalence estimates of 8.5% and 4.8%, respectively. At the herd level, apparent prevalence was 28.2% for ELISA and 22.3% for RAA, while true prevalence reached 54.2% for ELISA and 24.9% for RAA. Significant (P < 0.05) risk factors for MAP infection included exposure to wild animals and high rainfall. Phylogenetic analysis of the Sudanese MAP isolates revealed close relatedness to type S (I/III) strains worldwide suggesting a shared evolutionary origin. The present study provides baseline data on PTB prevalence and risk factors in Sudanese cattle, emphasising the role of environmental and management factors in disease dynamics. These findings highlight the necessity of adopting targeted control strategies to reduce MAP impact on cattle and other animals as well as to prevent its potential public health hazard.
Insights
Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a chronic intestinal disease in ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). This study found significant PTB prevalence in Sudanese cattle, with high rainfall and wild animal exposure as risk factors, highlighting zoonotic potential.
Area of Science:
- Veterinary Medicine
- Microbiology
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a chronic intestinal disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), affecting ruminants globally.
- Limited data exists on PTB prevalence and risk factors in Sudan, despite its economic impact on livestock and potential zoonotic implications.
Purpose of the Study:
- To assess the prevalence of PTB in Sudanese cattle.
- To identify risk factors associated with MAP infection.
- To investigate the genetic phylogeny of circulating MAP strains in Sudan.
Main Methods:
- Collected serum and fecal samples from 810 cattle across 153 herds in five Sudanese states.
- Utilized ELISA for MAP antibody detection and Recombinase Aided Amplification (RAA) for MAP DNA detection in fecal samples.
- Performed MAP isolation, partial sequencing of insertion sequence 1311, and phylogenetic analysis.
Main Results:
- True prevalence estimates for MAP infection at the animal level were 8.5% (ELISA) and 4.8% (RAA).
- True prevalence at the herd level reached 54.2% (ELISA) and 24.9% (RAA).
- Significant risk factors identified included exposure to wild animals and high rainfall; phylogenetic analysis indicated relatedness to global type S strains.
Conclusions:
- This study provides crucial baseline data on PTB prevalence and risk factors in Sudanese cattle.
- Environmental and management factors play a significant role in MAP transmission dynamics.
- Findings underscore the need for targeted control strategies to mitigate economic losses and public health risks associated with MAP.
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